What Do We Currently Know About Monkeypox?

October 28, 2025

3 min read

The number of cases of monkeypox infection is growing and causes understandable concern. Let’s answer some of the questions that people have about this virus.

Key takeaways

The number of cases of monkeypox infection is growing and causes understandable concern.
What kind of disease is it?
Where did it come from?

Who this is for

People exploring Bacterial and viral infections through monkeypox, viruses.

Why it matters

This piece helps you get oriented quickly, then move into a collection or series if you want to keep going.

Article author

Dr. Anastasia

Infectious disease doctor

What kind of disease is it?

Monkeypox virus belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus of the family Poxviridae. It is one of the deadliest diseases known to man. For centuries, smallpox has killed millions of people around the world. But thanks to global immunization programs, the deadly infectious disease was eliminated in the late 1970s. Mass vaccination stopped in the United States and a number of countries in 1972, and in WHO member states in 1986. Today, the live virus exists in small numbers under strictly controlled conditions in laboratories in the United States and Russia, exclusively for medical research.

Where did it come from?

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), monkeypox was first detected in 1958 in a group of monkeys kept for research. The first human episode of the disease occurred in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In 2022, countries in Africa as well as Canada, Portugal, Spain, France, the United Kingdom and the United States have reported cases.

In African countries, 1,375 episodes of monkeypox had been identified as of the end of May 2022, with about 300 more in the rest of the world.

How does monkeypox spread?

Transmission of the virus occurs when a person comes in contact with an infected animal, infected person, or contaminated materials. Smallpox enters the human body through:

Lesions on the skin
Mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, and mouth
Sex
Bite or scratch
Contact with bodily fluids of an infected person
Contaminated clothing or bedding
Airborne transmission

Monkeypox is not an obviously sexually transmitted disease, but if one partner already has a pronounced rash, it is possible to become infected. The virus is also capable of passing through the placenta from mother to fetus.

What are the symptoms of smallpox?

The incubation period is usually 7 to 14 days, but can range from 5 to 21 days. However, until symptoms appear, the disease is considered noncontagious.

Smallpox begins with fever, headache, muscle aches, and loss of appetite. The main difference between the symptoms of smallpox and monkeypox is that the latter causes enlargement of the lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy).

The rash appears within 1-3 days (sometimes longer) after the onset of fever. It often first appears on the face and then spreads to other parts of the body.

How is it diagnosed and treated?

Smallpox is diagnosed by an infectious disease specialist. A PCR test is performed to confirm infection. Samples for diagnosis are taken from the foci of skin lesions. The patient is relieved of symptoms as well as provided with proper nutrition and plenty of fluids. During treatment, infusion and oral detoxification are used and analgesics are given. Antibiotics are prescribed if there are purulent complications. The mucous membranes are irrigated with antiseptics.

The disease usually lasts 2-4 weeks. In Africa, monkeypox has been reported to cause death in 1 out of 10 people who become infected. No deaths have been reported from other continents.

There are currently no specific treatments for monkeypox, but outbreaks can be effectively controlled with vaccines.

What are the chances of getting sick?

If you practice good hygiene, don't eat poorly processed meat, and don't like to pet African squirrels, your chances of getting monkeypox are slim. To get infected by airborne droplets, you need prolonged contact with a sick person.

Those most at risk include children under 10 years of age, immunocompromised and HIV-positive people living in outbreak areas, and those who work with animals.

There are a number of steps you can take to prevent infection:

avoid contact with animals that may carry the virus (sick animals or animals found dead in areas where monkeypox is spreading);
avoid contact with any materials with which an infected person has come into contact;
isolate infected patients from other people;
use proper hand hygiene after contact with infected animals or people;
use personal protective equipment when caring for patients.

Continue reading

Bacterial and viral infections#viruses

What Vaccinations Should Be Done When Traveling to Foreign Countries?

Even during a pandemic, people are not ready to give up travel. Exotic destinations such as Brazil, Dominican Republic, Cuba, Sri Lanka, Mexico, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Kenya, and South Africa are open for tourists. If you go to these countries—especially countries in Africa—you can face dangerous infections, and vaccinations can help protect you.

Dr. HeleneOct 28, 2025

Bacterial and viral infections#cold

How To Handle a Cold: 6 Tips From a General Practitioner

Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, we seem to have forgotten that there are other, albeit less dangerous, unpleasant viruses in the world. They are especially active during the transitional seasons—autumn and spring. Why do we catch colds so often during this period, and how do we recover as quickly as possible?

Dr. AndrewOct 28, 2025

Coronavirus#coronavirus

COVID-19 Vaccines: Which One Should You Choose?

Currently, three COVID-19 vaccines have been approved in Russia: Sputnik V, EpiVacCorona, and Covivac. This naturally raises the question: which vaccine should you choose? Let’s take a closer look at the specifics, efficacy, and potential side effects of each vaccine.

Dr. AnastasiaApr 2, 2026

Ornament blog#ornament blog

How Genetically Modified Mosquitoes Will Protect People From Dangerous Diseases

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes live in a tropical climate and carry dangerous diseases such as dengue fever and the Zika virus. Annually, $1 million USD is budgeted to combat malevolent mosquitoes. The new development by the biotech company Oxitec, which has created genetically modified mosquitoes, will cost less and be more effective. This is an important development because mosquitoes become pesticide-resistant over time.

AlinaOct 28, 2025

Install Ornament to not only read these articles, but also track your health, store test results, and access other useful features

Install Ornament